PTH 5093 - Physical Therapy Science

• Always provide an in-text citation for any material that is not originally yours; if you learned information from a book, website, article, etc., cite that source in the sentence in which you discuss that information. 

• List the author's last name and the year the item was published when referring to the source material. You can include it in the sentence: "Smith (2014) discussed writing strategies..." or at the end of the sentence in parentheses: "...recommended writing strategies (Smith, 2014)." 

• If you are quoting directly from a source, also include the page number: "...the research paper does not have to be boring" (Smith, 2014, p. 10). 

• If your source does not have an author, use the title in place of the author name for your in-text citation: (Writing Strategies," 2012). 

• If you mention two or more sources in the same sentence, include a citation for both of them; alphabetize by the first author's last names: (Smith, 2014; Zabala & Crane, 2010). 

• When citing an interview, email, or other direct communication with a source, include their name, that it was personal communication, and the date of the conversation: "Zabala also discussed her personal struggles (personal communication, December 10, 2015)."

• Always provide an in-text citation for any material that is not originally yours; if you learned information from a book, website, article, etc., cite that source in the sentence in which you discuss that information. 

• When paraphrasing, list the author's last name, the year the item was published, and the page number when referring to the source material. You can include it in the sentence: "Smith (2014) discussed writing strategies... (pp. 152-153)" or at the end of the sentence in parentheses: "...recommended writing strategies (Smith, 2014, pp.152-153)." 

• Direct quotations can be distracting, so consider paraphrasing instead. However, should you choose to use a direct quote, make sure there are no mistakes in your quote "...the research paper does not have to be boring" (Smith, 2014, p. 10). 

• If you mention two or more sources in the same sentence, include a citation for both of them; alphabetize by the first author's last names: (Smith, 2014, p. 65; Zabala & Crane, 2010, pp. 89-90). 

• When citing an interview, email, or other direct communication with a source, include their name, that it was personal communication, and the date of the conversation: "Zabala also discussed her personal struggles (F. Zabala, personal communication, December 10, 2015)."

Additional strategies for in-text citations are available on the APA Style Blog.